FeebleScissors

Dr Hauschka Natural Cosmetics

2006-10-25T00:25:00.000-07:00

Dr hauschka the Natural Cosmetics brand provide a huge range of Organic Cosmetics and Natural Cosmetics available online.

Eakins, Thomas

2005-04-02T09:32:00.000-08:00

Eakins was born in Philadelphia and, except for one extended study trip abroad and a brief trip to the West, virtually his entire life was spent in that city. From his father, a writing master, Eakins inherited not only the manual dexterity and sense of precision that characterizes his art but also the love of outdoor activity and the commitment to absolute integrity

Computers, UNIVAC

2005-03-31T11:40:00.000-08:00

After leaving the Moore School, Eckert and Mauchly struggled to obtain capital to build their latest design, a computer they called the Universal Automatic Computer, or UNIVAC. (In the meantime, they contracted with the Northrop Corporation to build the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which, when completed in 1949, became the first American stored-program computer.)

Amroha

2005-03-28T13:56:00.000-08:00

Town, northwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India, west-northwest of Moradabad town, on the Sot River. A marketplace for agricultural produce, its chief industries are hand-loom weaving, pottery making, and sugar milling. Colleges of Agra University are located there, as is the shrine of Sheikh Saddu, a Muslim saint. Amroha is connected by rail with Moradabad and Delhi. Pop.

Coolidge, Grace

2005-03-24T20:35:00.000-08:00

Eventually she built her own house, which she lent to navy personnel during World War II. She died of heart disease in 1957 and was buried beside her husband and son at the Plymouth Notch Cemetery in Plymouth, Vermont. Like other presidents' wives, she lamented that she had to subjugate her private self to her public role: “This was I and yet not I—this was the wife of the President of the United States and she took precedence over me.” In the process, however, Grace Coolidge joined that small group of first ladies who are rated as more successful at their jobs than their husbands were at their presidencies.

Marechal, Leopoldo

2005-03-22T02:06:00.000-08:00

In the early 1920s, Marechal was part of the literary group responsible for Martín Fierro and Proa, Ultraista journals that revolutionized Argentine letters. His first book of poems, Aguiluchos (1922; “Eaglets”), employed Modernista techniques in the treatment

Kellermann, François-christophe, Duc (duke) De Valmy

2005-03-20T04:23:00.000-08:00

Born into a family of the judicial nobility, Kellermann became an officer in the French Army in 1752. He fought with distinction against the Prussians and British during the Seven Years' War (1756–63) and was subsequently

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey

2005-03-18T19:02:00.000-08:00

Aldrich left school at 13 to work as a merchant's clerk in New York City and soon began to contribute to various newspapers

China, Incipient Neolithic

2005-03-18T01:00:00.000-08:00

Study of the historical reduction of the size of human teeth suggests that the first human beings to eat cooked food did so in South China. The southern sites of Hsien-jen-tung in Kiangsi and Tseng-p'i-yen in Kwangsi have yielded artifacts from the 10th to the 7th millennium BC that include low-fired, cord-marked sherds with some incised decoration and mostly chipped stone

Christo

2005-03-17T06:52:00.000-08:00

Christo attended the Fine Arts Academy in Sofia, Bulg., and had begun working with the Burian Theatre in Prague when the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 broke out. He fled to Vienna, where he studied for a semester, and then, after a brief stay in Switzerland,

Alcidamas

2005-03-16T05:05:00.000-08:00

Prominent Sophist and rhetorician who taught in Athens. He was a pupil of Gorgias and a rival of Isocrates. His only extant work, Peri sophiston (“Concerning Sophists”), stresses the superiority of extempore (though prepared) speeches over written ones. The oration attributed to him entitled Odysseus is spurious. Only fragments of his other works survive. Aristotle

Aerial Photography

2005-03-14T23:01:00.000-08:00

For the mapping of terrestrial features, aerial photographs usually are taken in overlapping series from an aircraft following a systematic flight pattern at a fixed altitude.

Earth, Evidence for polar wandering, continental drift, and seafloor spreading

2005-03-14T16:11:00.000-08:00

Polar wandering, continental drift, and seafloor spreading are all consequences of plate movements. Polar wandering is the movement of a continent relative to the rotational poles or spin axis of the Earth. Continental drift is the movement of one continent relative to another continent, and seafloor spreading is the movement of one block of seafloor relative

Angus

2005-03-12T03:21:00.000-08:00

Formerly Forfarshire council area and historic county in eastern Scotland, bounded on the east by the North Sea and on the south by the Firth of Tay. The council area lies entirely within the historic county of Angus, which also includes the city of Dundee and a small area south of Coupar Angus in the Perth and Kinross council area. The chief city of the county is Dundee, which constitutes a

Mural

2005-03-11T19:25:00.000-08:00

Mural painting is inherently different from all other forms of pictorial art in that it is organically connected

Visistadvaita

2005-03-10T14:23:00.000-08:00

(Sanskrit: Nonduality of the Qualified), one of the principal schools of Vedanta, an orthodox philosophy of India. This school grew out of the Vaisnava (worship of the god Vishnu [Visnu]) devotional movement prominent in South India from the 7th century on. One of the early Brahmans (class of priests) who began to guide the movement was Nathamuni (10th century), head priest of the temple

Stafford, William

2005-03-10T10:13:00.000-08:00

Stafford attended the University of Kansas (B.A., 1937; M.A., 1945) and the State University of Iowa, where he received a doctorate in 1955. A conscientious objector, he participated

Jhelum

2005-03-08T03:26:00.000-08:00

Town, Punjab province, northeastern Pakistan. The town lies just west of the Jhelum River (there bridged by both road and rail) and is connected by rail and the Grand Trunk Road with Peshawar and Lahore. The old town, across the river, may have been Bucephala, founded by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. Although once a salt-trade centre, Jhelum is now a major timber market.

Caledonian Orogenic Belt

2005-03-07T14:10:00.000-08:00

Range of mountains situated in northwestern Europe, developed as a result of the opening, closure, and destruction of the Iapetus Ocean in the period from the start of the Cambrian (540 million years ago) to the end of the Silurian (about 408 million years ago). The final collision was between a northwestern European and a North American–Greenland continent, and it gave rise

Tyrwhitt, Thomas

2005-03-06T23:22:00.000-08:00

English scholar especially notable for his work on the medieval English poet Geoffrey Chaucer. In classical and English scholarship alike, Tyrwhitt showed the same qualities of balance, wide knowledge, and critical acumen. (He was the one man able, on linguistic grounds alone, to denounce as a forgery the poems by Thomas Chatterton purporting

Usnisavijaya

2005-03-06T16:22:00.000-08:00

Tibetan Gtsug-tor-rnam-par rgyal-ma popular Buddhist goddess in Nepal, Tibet, and Mongolia. Her name in Sanskrit means “victorious goddess of the usnisa,” the last-named object being the protuberance on the top of the Buddha's skull. She wears an image of the Buddha Vairocana in her headdress and is described as residing in the cellar of the caitya (“shrine”). She may be identified by the small figure of Buddha seated

Nahant

2005-03-05T02:51:00.000-08:00

Initially settled by fishermen and livestock herders in the mid-17th century, Nahant

Brunet, Jacques-charles

2005-03-04T09:04:00.000-08:00

The son of a bookseller, Brunet acquired a taste for bibliography at an early age and published a supplement to the Dictionnaire bibliographique de livres rares (1810; “Dictionary of Rare Books”), brought out a few years earlier. The first edition of Brunet's Manuel du libraire et de l'amateur de livres

Jack The Ripper

2005-03-03T07:14:00.000-08:00

Works examining the Jack the Ripper case include Maxim Jakubowski and Nathan Braund (eds.), The Mammoth Book of Jack the Ripper (1999); Stewart P. Evans and Keith Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Companion: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (also published as The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 2000); Stewart P. Evans and Paul Gainey, The Lodger: The Arrest and Escape of Jack the Ripper (1995; also published as Jack the Ripper: First American Serial Killer, 1996, reissued 1998); and Philip Sugden, The Complete History of Jack the Ripper, rev. ed. (1995).

Ireland

2005-03-01T15:52:00.000-08:00

Political issues past, present, and future merged in 1997, an eventful year dominated by an inconclusive general election. Power changed hands but without any clear shift in

Porcupine River

2005-02-28T21:51:00.000-08:00

Major tributary of the Yukon River, in northern Yukon Territory, Can., and northeastern Alaska, U.S. Discovered in 1842 by John Bell of the Hudson's Bay Company, the Porcupine rises in the Mackenzie Mountains of west central Yukon Territory and flows for 448 mi (721 km) in a great arc, first north and then west across the international boundary and into the Yukon River near Fort Yukon,

United States, The Radicals' plan

2005-02-28T17:21:00.000-08:00

Radical Republicans were outraged at these procedures, which savoured of executive usurpation of congressional powers, which required only minimal changes in the Southern social system, and which left political power essentially in the hands of the same Southerners who had led their states out of the Union. The Radicals put forth their own plan of Reconstruction in the Wade–Davis Bill, which Congress passed on July 2, 1864; it required not 10 percent but a majority of the white male citizens in each Southern state to participate in the reconstruction process, and it insisted upon an oath of past, not just of future, loyalty. Finding the bill too rigorous and inflexible, Lincoln pocket vetoed it; and the Radicals bitterly denounced him. During the 1864–65 session of Congress, they in turn defeated the president's proposal to recognize the Louisiana government organized under his 10 percent plan. At the time of Lincoln's assassination, therefore, the president and the Congress were at loggerheads over Reconstruction.

Lanao, Lake

2005-02-27T04:33:00.000-08:00

Lake, west-central Mindanao, Philippines. It is situated just south of Marawi, northwest of the Butig Mountains. Lake Lanao is the second largest lake in the Philippines and has an area of 131 square miles (340 square km). Its outlet is the Agus River, which flows north, over Maria Cristina Falls, where there is a hydroelectric power plant, to Iligan Bay. There are numerous Muslim

Offroad Racing

2005-02-25T19:41:00.000-08:00

Numerous offroad race circuits have developed, notably Score International Off Road Racing, which hosts the

Itelmen

2005-02-25T04:38:00.000-08:00

Their Luorawetlan language of

Interior Design, United States

2005-02-24T22:18:00.000-08:00

The story of the domestic interior and its decoration in the United States is inseparable both from its own architectural development and from the story of English architecture and decoration, from which it was largely derived even long after the American Revolution. Any discussion of United States decorative design, therefore, must refer constantly to the

Respiration, Amphibians

2005-02-23T08:05:00.000-08:00

The living amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders, and caecilians) depend on aquatic respiration to a degree that varies with species, stage of development, temperature, and season. With the exception of a few frog species that lay eggs on land, all amphibians begin life as completely aquatic larvae. Respiratory gas exchange is conducted through the thin, gas-permeable

Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand

2005-02-21T02:26:00.000-08:00

Gandhi was the youngest child of his father's fourth wife. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, who was the dewan (chief

Araraquara

2005-02-20T04:08:00.000-08:00

City, in the highlands of central São Paulo state, Brazil, at 2,119 ft (646 m) above sea level on a tributary of the Rio Jacaré-Guaçu. Formerly known as Freguesia de São Bento de Araraquara, it was given town status in 1817 and was made the seat of a municipality in 1832. Araraquara's industries process sugarcane and coffee from the hinterland. Textiles, liquor, and furniture are also produced

Dominoes

2005-02-20T01:37:00.000-08:00

The face of each piece is divided, by a line or ridge, into two squares, each of which is marked as would be a pair of dice, except that some squares are blank

Narbonensis

2005-02-19T14:35:00.000-08:00

The area first entered ancient history when the Greek colony of Massilia (modern Marseille) was founded about 600 BC. Roman armies first entered the area in 154 BC to help defend Massilia against Celtic invaders. The Romans conquered

Resistance

2005-02-17T03:00:00.000-08:00

Also called Underground in European history, any of various secret and clandestine groups that sprang up throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II to oppose Nazi rule. The exact number of those who took part is unknown, but they included civilians who worked secretly against the occupation as well as armed bands of partisans or guerrilla fighters. Their activities ranged

Dinosaur, The asteroid theory

2005-02-16T05:52:00.000-08:00

The discovery of an abnormally high concentration of the rare metal iridium at, or very close to, the K–T boundary provides what has been recognized as one of those rare instantaneous geologic time markers that seem to be worldwide. This iridium anomaly, or spike, was first found by Walter Alvarez in the Cretaceous–Tertiary stratigraphic sequence at Gubbio, Italy,

Mana

2005-02-15T15:48:00.000-08:00

Town, northwestern French Guiana, on the south bank of the Mana River, near its mouth on the Atlantic coast. It originated in 1830 around an orphanage founded by a French nun and, after 1848, also served as a refuge for runaway and newly emancipated slaves. The site of a large leprosarium, its economy is basically agricultural, including sugarcane and cattle. Pop. (1982) mun. 1,721.

San Francisco Bay

2005-02-15T10:07:00.000-08:00

Large, nearly landlocked bay indenting western California, U.S. It is a drowned river valley, paralleling the coastline, and is connected with the Pacific Ocean by a strait called the Golden Gate, which is spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge (see photograph). San Francisco Bay is 60 miles (97 km) long and 3 to 12 miles (5 to 19 km) wide and is one of the world's finest natural harbours. Treasure,

Lake, Basins formed by glaciation

2005-02-14T01:05:00.000-08:00

The basin-forming mechanism responsible for the most abundant production of lakes, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, is glaciation. The Pleistocene glaciers, which seem to have affected every continent, were especially effective in North America, Europe, and Asia. The retreat of ice sheets produced basins through mechanical action and through the damming

'abd Allah Ibn Sa'd Ibn Abi Sarh

2005-02-12T02:13:00.000-08:00

Governor of Upper (southern) Egypt for the Muslim caliphate during the reign of 'Uthman (644–656) and the cofounder, with the future caliph Mu'awiyah I, of the first Muslim navy, which seized Cyprus (647–649), Rhodes, and Cos (Dodecanese Islands) and defeated a Byzantine fleet off Alexandria in 652. He shared in the direction of the Muslim fleet that defeated the Byzantine navy in the battle of

Han-t'eng-ko-li Peak

2005-02-11T10:00:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Hantengri Feng, also called Khan Tengri, peak in the Tien Shan (mountains) of Central Asia, on the boundary between Kazakstan and the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China. Situated in a heavily glaciated mountain knot, the mountain rises to 22,949 feet (6,995 m). Until Soviet explorers found that nearby Pik Pobeda (Victory Peak; 24,406 feet [7,439 m]) was higher, Han-t'eng-ko-li was thought to be the highest elevation of the Tien Shan. The

Nastase, Ilie

2005-02-11T06:28:00.000-08:00

A Davis Cup player since 1966, Nastase almost single-handedly powered Romania to the finals in 1969, 1971, and 1972, although the United States won each time. The most heartbreaking

Arts, Central Asian, The Himalayan peoples

2005-02-09T14:27:00.000-08:00

This region, including Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, and Sikkim (which was annexed to India in 1975), occupies an important middle ground between India and China, and its central position is reflected in the local music cultures. Of utmost importance for musical life was the introduction of Buddhism from India via Turkistan, beginning in the 7th century AD. Music became an integral part

China, Confucianism and philosophical Taoism

2005-02-08T09:24:00.000-08:00

By the beginning

Indian Airlines

2005-02-07T22:32:00.000-08:00

The domestic and regional airline of India, founded in 1953. Whereas the airline Air-India provides a broader international service, Indian Airlines serves the Indian subcontinent—India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), and Sri Lanka. Headquarters are in New Dehli.

Amphetamine

2005-02-07T03:21:00.000-08:00

Prototype of a series of synthetic drugs, all called amphetamines, that have pronounced stimulatory actions on the central nervous system. Amphetamine itself is a colourless liquid with an acrid taste and a faint odour; the most widely used preparation of the drug is amphetamine sulfate, marketed under the name Benzedrine, a white powder with a slightly bitter,

Literature, Netherlandic.

2005-02-06T11:51:00.000-08:00

Literary critic and poet Kester Freriks, commenting on the nominees for the VSB prize for poetry for 1997, lamented, "Dutch poetry doesn't sing anymore." In the place of melody we find a degree of cerebral grind that makes many poems inaccessible to many readers. Freriks evaluated the work of the nominees Elisabeth Eybers with her bilingual Tydverdryf/Pastime, Gerrit Kouwenaar,

Reforma, La

2005-02-05T20:10:00.000-08:00

La Reforma period began with the issuance in 1854 of the Plan de Ayutla, a liberal pronouncement calling for the removal of the dictator Antonio López de Santa Anna. After Santa Anna's fall in 1855, Juárez and the liberals enacted the Ley Juárez,

Biblical Literature, Scandinavian versions

2005-02-04T16:28:00.000-08:00

In pre-Reformation times, only partial translations were made, all on the basis of the Latin Vulgate and all somewhat free. The earliest and most celebrated is that of Genesis–Kings in the so-called Stjórn (“Guidance”; i.e., of God) manuscript in the Old Norwegian language, probably to be dated about 1300. Swedish versions of the Pentateuch and of Acts have survived from the 14th century

Uesugi Kenshin

2005-02-02T11:00:00.000-08:00

Nagao Torachiyo was the third son of the head of Echigo province in northeastern Japan. With the death of his father in 1543, the family's control of the area began to disintegrate. Torachiyo not only restored order to the area but also gained control of neighbouring

Ghaggar River

2005-02-02T03:11:00.000-08:00

River, northern India. The Ghaggar rises in the Siwalik Range, northwestern Himachal Pradesh state, and flows about 200 miles (320 km) southwest through Haryana state, where it receives the Saraswati River. It eventually loses itself in the sands of the Thar Desert. Just southwest of Sirsa it feeds two irrigation canals that extend into Rajasthan. The Ghaggar was probably once an

U-2 Affair

2005-01-31T05:16:00.000-08:00

On May 5 the Soviet premier Nikita S. Khrushchev told the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. that

Quantum Number

2005-01-30T21:44:00.000-08:00

The principal quantum number for electrons confined

Olympia

2005-01-30T09:33:00.000-08:00

Motion Picture, History Of The, Germany

2005-01-29T08:42:00.000-08:00

Germany's catastrophic defeat in World War II and the subsequent partitioning of the country virtually destroyed its film industry, which had already been corrupted by the Nazis. Rebuilt during the 1950s, the West German industry became the fifth largest producer in the world, but the majority of its output consisted of low-quality Heimatfilme (“homeland films”) for the

Vafiades, Markos

2005-01-28T07:27:00.000-08:00

Vafiades worked as a labourer in Istanbul and fled to Greece as a refugee in 1923. He became a communist in his teens and fought with the partisans against the Germans

Drake, Alfred

2005-01-27T20:32:00.000-08:00

While a junior at Brooklyn College, Drake joined a summer company performing Gilbert and

Hokinson, Helen

2005-01-25T05:45:00.000-08:00

Hokinson attended the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts and began a career

Swains Island

2005-01-24T20:39:00.000-08:00

Coral atoll, American Samoa, southwestern Pacific Ocean, 280 miles (450 km) north of Tutuila. The atoll is 15–25 feet (5–8 m) above sea level; it is circular in shape, with 8 miles (13 km) of shoreline, and encloses a freshwater lagoon. It has an area of about 1 square mile (2.6 square km). Probably first known to Europeans in the 19th century, the atoll was named for a whaling captain. It is not geographically a

Alabama, Agriculture

2005-01-23T19:28:00.000-08:00

The Alabamian rural economy challenges the traditional view of a dependency on cotton. Although cotton still remains of local importance, it suffered a heavy blow with the onset of the boll weevil blight in 1915, and acreage continued to decline. Mechanization and consolidation increased the average farm size after the 1930s. The diversification of agricultural production

Sorbon, Robert De

2005-01-23T19:09:00.000-08:00

Born into a poor rural family, Sorbon was educated in Reims and in Paris, where his piety and diligence drew the patronage of the comte d'Artois and King Louis IX. In 1251 he became canon

Azhar University, Al-

2005-01-21T20:58:00.000-08:00

Chief centre of Islamic and Arabic learning in the world, centred on the mosque of that name in the medieval quarter of Cairo, Egypt. It was founded by the Fatimids in AD 970 and was formally organized by 988. The basic program of studies was, and still is, Islamic law, theology, and the Arabic language. Late in the European Middle Ages philosophy and medicine were added to the curriculum,

Perspective

2005-01-20T17:38:00.000-08:00

Perceptual methods of representing space and volume, which render them as seen at a particular time and from a fixed position and are characteristic of Chinese and most Western

Pachisi

2005-01-19T11:05:00.000-08:00

Also called Ludo, or Parcheesi, board game, sometimes called the national game of India. Four players in opposing partnerships of two attempt to move pieces around a cross-shaped track. Moves are determined by throws of cowrie shells or dice. Each player has four pieces, which begin at the centre space, move down the middle track nearest the player, and counterclockwise around the outer track of the

Pyrochlore

2005-01-18T00:09:00.000-08:00

A complex oxide mineral composed of niobium, sodium, and calcium (NaCaNb2O6F) that forms brown to black, glassy octahedral crystals and irregular masses. Tantalum atoms replace niobium atoms in the chemical structure, so that pyrochlore forms a solid-solution series with the mineral microlite [(Na,Ca)2Ta2O6(O,OH,F)]. For detailed physical properties, see oxide mineral

Wesak

2005-01-17T16:24:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Vesak, Sanskrit Vaishakha, Pali Vesakha most important of the Theravada Buddhist festivals, commemorating the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha. The event is observed on the full-moon day of the lunar month Vesakha, which falls in April or May. The day is observed as a public holiday in many Southeast Asian countries. It is marked by special devotional services and various deeds intended to be

Empiricism, In ancient philosophy

2005-01-15T05:21:00.000-08:00

So-called common sense is inarticulately empiricist; and philosophy, in seeking to correct it, has to start from a rationalistic position. Philosophical Empiricism is thus always critical, a resistance to the pretensions of a more speculative philosophy. The ground was prepared for Plato, the greatest of Rationalist philosophers, by three earlier bodies of thought:

Argead Dynasty

2005-01-15T02:02:00.000-08:00

Ruling house of ancient Macedonia from about 700 to about 311 BC; under their leadership the Macedonian kingdom was created and gradually gained predominance throughout Greece. From about 700 the founder of the dynasty, Perdiccas I, led the people who called themselves Macedonians eastward from their home on the Haliacmon (modern Aliákmon) River. Aegae (Edessa) became the capital,

Bene Beraq

2005-01-13T23:03:00.000-08:00

Near the presumed location of ancient Bene Beraq, a

Kuba

2005-01-12T13:40:00.000-08:00

Kuba cultivate corn (maize), cassava, millet, peanuts (groundnuts), and beans as staples. They grow raffia and oil palms, raise corn as a cash crop, and hunt and fish. They have kept aloof from modern life, and few have emigrated or engage

Bakony Mountains

2005-01-12T09:04:00.000-08:00

Mountain range in western Hungary, covering about 1,500 square miles (4,000 square km) between Lake Balaton and the Little Alfold and running southwest-northeast for 70 miles (110 km) from the Zala River. The range forms the major component of the highlands of Dunántúl, or Transdanubia (the Bakony, Vértes, Gerecse, Budai and Pilis, and Visegrád mountains). The Keszthely and Balatoni

Fellini, Federico

2005-01-10T03:26:00.000-08:00

Italian film director who was one of the most celebrated and distinctive filmmakers of the period after World War II. Early in his career he helped inaugurate the Neorealist cinema movement, but he soon developed his own distinctive style of typically autobiographical films that imposed dreamlike or hallucinatory

France, History Of, Economic expansion

2005-01-08T02:56:00.000-08:00

The population, still overwhelmingly agrarian, was growing from about 900 AD, probably most rapidly in the north, where more flexible schemes of crop rotation led to better harvests. Some peasants retained their independence, as in the Massif Central and the Pyrenees, but they were not much envied; still, small free properties nowhere entirely disappeared. Most peasants,

Arts, Central Asian

2005-01-07T13:09:00.000-08:00

This immense

Eagle

2005-01-05T09:58:00.000-08:00

Any of many large, heavy-beaked, big-footed birds of prey belonging to the family Accipitridae (order Falconiformes). In general, an eagle is any bird of prey more powerful than a buteo. An eagle may resemble a vulture in build and flight characteristics but has a fully feathered (often crested) head and strong feet equipped with great curved talons. A further difference

Audaghost

2005-01-04T20:48:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Awdaghost (fl. 9th–11th century), former Berber town in the southwest Sahara, northwest of Timbuktu. Audaghost was an important terminus of the medieval trans-Saharan trade route. The town was primarily a centre where North African traders could buy gold from the kings of ancient Ghana. Audaghost was first an independent market town and later a tributary satellite of Ghana. It was

Bracciano, Lake

2005-01-02T05:16:00.000-08:00

Italian Lago di Bracciano , ancient (Latin) Lacus Sabatinus circular lake in Roma provincia, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. It lies in the Sabatini Mountains, just northwest of Rome. Mineral hot springs along its shores recall its earlier geologic formation from a group of volcanic craters. The surface lies 538 feet (164 m) above sea level, with an area of 22 square miles (58 square km). The maximum depth is 525 feet (160 m) and the diameter is about

Wolverhampton

2005-01-01T18:30:00.000-08:00

Metropolitan borough, metropolitan county of West Midlands, historic county of Staffordshire, England. It lies in the northwestern part of the industrial Black Country, near the farmlands of Shropshire and Staffordshire. The early town was mainly an agricultural centre. With the development of the Staffordshire coal and ironstone deposits, Wolverhampton became

Cost Of Living

2004-12-31T20:10:00.000-08:00

Monetary cost of maintaining a particular standard of living, usually measured by calculating the average cost of a number of specific goods and services required by a particular group. The goods and services used as indexes may be the minimum necessary to preserve health or may be what is considered average for a given income group, depending on the purposes of

Latin American Integration Association

2004-12-31T18:09:00.000-08:00

Spanish Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (ALADI) organization that was established by the Treaty of Montevideo (August 1980) and became operational in March 1981. It seeks economic cooperation among its members. Original members were Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Cuba joined in 1999. Several countries and organizations maintain observer status. Headquarters

Zirid Dynasty,

2004-12-29T21:32:00.000-08:00

Also called Banu Ziri Muslim dynasty of Sanhajah Berbers whose various branches ruled in Ifriqiyah (Tunisia and eastern Algeria) and Granada (972–1152). Rising to prominence in the mountains of Kabylie, Algeria, where they established their first capital, Ashir, the Zirids became allies of the Fatimids of al-Qayrawan. Their loyal support prompted the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz, when moving to his new capital of

Epistemology, General works

2004-12-28T23:44:00.000-08:00

The texts of the classics mentioned below for which specific editions have not been noted are available in many English-language translations; two notable collections are The Loeb Classical Library and Oxford Classical Text series.

Paean

2004-12-28T14:02:00.000-08:00

Solemn choral lyric of invocation, joy, or triumph, originating in ancient Greece where it was addressed to Apollo in his guise as Paean, physician to the gods. Paeans were sung at banquets following the boisterous dithyrambs, at the festivals of Apollo, and at public funerals. It was the custom for them to be sung by an army on the march and before going into battle, when

Epistemology, Pre-Socratics

2004-12-27T08:03:00.000-08:00

The central focus of ancient Greek philosophy was its attempt to solve the problem of motion. Many pre-Socratic philosophers thought that no logically coherent account of motion and change could be given. This problem was a concern of metaphysics, not epistemology, however, and in the present context it suffices merely to allude to the arguments of Parmenides and

Intermediate Vector Boson

2004-12-26T07:42:00.000-08:00

Type of boson associated with the electromagnetic and weak forces in unified form. See W particle.

Orage, Alfred Richard

2004-12-25T17:26:00.000-08:00

Orage became an elementary school teacher at Leeds, Yorkshire, in 1893, lectured on theosophy, and in 1900 helped found the avant-garde Leeds Arts Club. He moved to London in 1906 and became joint editor in 1907 of The New Age, a periodical of which from 1909 on he was the sole editor and dominant spirit. The New

Kuei-yang

2004-12-22T07:46:00.000-08:00

Originally

Montcalm (de Saint-véran), Louis-joseph De Montcalm-grozon, Marquis De

2004-12-21T05:31:00.000-08:00

In the War

Ammonite

2004-12-20T19:21:00.001-08:00

Any member of an ancient Semitic people whose principal city was Rabbath Ammon, in Palestine. The “sons of Ammon” were in perennial, though sporadic, conflict with the Israelites. After a long period of seminomadic existence, the Ammonites established a kingdom north of Moab in the 13th century BC. With difficulty, their fortress capital was captured by Israel's King David.

Vacuum Technology

2004-12-20T19:21:00.000-08:00

This type of pump utilizes extremely low temperatures to condense gases and thus remove them from the system. Pumping speeds of millions of cu ft per minute are possible with the cryopump over the pressure range 10-3 torr to well below 10-10 torr. This type of pump can develop its full speed curve over the entire pumping range. Most cryopumps employ helium to cool the low-temperature

Marseillaise, La

2004-12-18T10:04:00.000-08:00

After France declared war on Austria on April 20, 1792, P.F. Dietrich, the mayor of Strasbourg (where Rouget de Lisle was then quartered), expressed the need for a marching song for the French troops. “La

Chalcocite

2004-12-17T22:13:00.000-08:00

A sulfide mineral that is one of the most important ores of copper. Valuable occurrences include deposits of sulfide minerals at Ely, Nev., and Morenci, Ariz., where other components of the original rock have been dissolved away; it is also found with bornite in the sulfide veins of Tsumeb, Namibia, and Butte, Mont. For detailed physical properties, see sulfide mineral

Aesthetics

2004-12-17T08:44:00.000-08:00

As the above discussion illustrates, it is impossible to advance far into the theory of aesthetic experience without encountering the specific problems posed by the experience of art. Whether or not we think of art as the central or defining example of the aesthetic object, there is no doubt that it provides the most distinctive illustration both of the elusive

Lima Barreto, Afonso Henriques De

2004-12-16T17:17:00.000-08:00

Lima Barreto was an active journalist throughout his adult life. His often vitriolic social analysis and criticism are more direct and less

Asante

2004-12-15T11:42:00.000-08:00

Although some Asante now live and work in urban centres,

Carné, Marcel

2004-12-13T20:48:00.000-08:00

After holding various jobs, Carné joined the director Jacques Feyder as an assistant in 1928, and he also assisted René Clair on the popular comedy Sous les toits de Paris (1930; “Under the Roofs of Paris”). Carné's first

Chemical Compound, Aromatics

2004-12-13T11:06:00.000-08:00

A distinctive set of physical and chemical properties is imparted to molecules that contain a functional group composed of three pairs of doubly bonded atoms (usually all carbon atoms) bonded together in the shape of a regular, planar (flat) hexagon. The hexagonal ring is usually drawn with an alternating sequence of single and double bonds. The molecule benzene

Auriol, Vincent

2004-12-12T00:45:00.000-08:00

After studying law at the University of Toulouse, Auriol was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies in 1914; he soon emerged as a prominent figure in the Socialist Party, leading its parliamentary delegation between 1919 and 1935. He served